First, ceramic wall and floor tiles
Shandong Institute of Building Materials use Jiaojia gold mine tailings, add a small amount of low-cost local clay ceramic tiles products developed in line with national standards.
(1) Main raw materials
The main raw materials are gold tail sand and Fangzi soil. The tailings are selected from the tailings of Jiaojia Gold Mine. The main minerals are: SiO 2 , NaAlSi 3 O 8 , KalSi 3 O 8 , NaCl, Al 2 O 3 · SiO 2 ( andalusite ). Fangzi soil is a local clay. If the source is difficult, it can be replaced by other similar clay.
(2) Production process
The production process is: batching → adding water stirring → wheel milling powder → trapping material → 100t friction press molding → 60min roller dryer drying → roller kiln firing (90min) → prime inspection → glazing → roller kiln glaze burning (90min) → Check the package. Among them, the ingredients are 18%, and the water content of the tailings is about 8% to 17%. The amount of water can be adjusted according to actual needs during production. The burnt and glaze burned according to the 50m coal- fired roller kiln, the firing cycle was 90min, and the firing temperature was 1140～1180°C. The glaze formula is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Glaze Formula (%)
name | Feldspar | quartz | Kaolin | limestone | fluorite | Burned ZnO | Zircon sand | Frit | Burning talc |
1 | 40 | twenty one | 12 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 6 |
2 | 46 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 11 | 6 |
In the table, 1 is the bottom glaze, and 2 is the surface glaze. In the actual production process, the factory can choose different vegetable glazes and art glazes according to the current market conditions and user requirements, thus increasing the added value of the products.
The fired products have been tested and their physical properties are in compliance with relevant national standards. The dimensions and appearance quality also conform to the relevant national standards.
The use of gold tail sand to produce ceramic wall and floor tiles products, compared with the production of cement-free bricks, low cost and high price, opened up a new way for the use of tailings.
Second, autoclaved standard bricks, bricks
The Shandong Provincial Education Commission Science and Technology Development Project TM94J5 project "Research on the use of gold-plated tailings development series of new wall materials" passed the technical appraisal in May 1996. The project used the gold-slung tailings as the main raw material to develop and produce the autoclave standard. Bricks, slabs.
(1) Production process
The main raw material selected for this project is the gold tailings of the rock gold mine. The process flow for producing autoclaved standard bricks is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Process flow chart of selecting gold tailings brick factory
The production process of autoclaved gold tailings bricks is the same as that of Figure 1. However, in the brick pressing process, instead of using a rotary brick press, HQY hydraulic floor tiles are used, and bricks of different specifications should be equipped. Mold.
(2) Process conditions
In order to ensure the strength of the product, it is generally required that the molar ratio of water-soluble SiO 2 in the tailings to soluble CaO in the lime is approximately equal to 1:1. The material mix ratio at the time of production is:
Tailings: 89% to 91%;
Quicklime: 8% to 9%;
Gypsum : 0.5% to 1%;
Crystal blank: 0.2% to 0.5%.
Under the same molding pressure conditions, the finer the tailings, the denser the product and the higher the strength. The main reason is that when the materials are mixed, a large amount of air is inevitably mixed. When pressed, the air is rapidly compressed, and the pressure will retreat and then rebound, causing damage to the structure of the brick. However, when the material particles are coarse, part of the air can escape through the gaps between the particles, thereby weakening the above-mentioned rebound effect.
(3) Nursing system
The so-called autoclave curing system mainly includes heating time and heating rate, maximum temperature and constant temperature time, cooling speed and post-stacking environment. Through the experimental research and economic and technical comparison, the maintenance system of tailings bricks is determined in Table 2.
Table 2 Best Maintenance System for Tailings Bricks
Maintenance process | Temperature range / °C | Maintenance time / h |
Static stop | 25~45 | 4 |
Temperature rise | 25～191 | 0.5 |
Constant temperature | 191 | 2.5 |
Natural cooling | 191~120 | 2.5 |
Cool down | 120～60 | 1.5 |
Normal temperature maintenance | >0 | 720 |
The finished product has been tested to meet the FB11945-89 quality standard.
Third, facing brick
Dandong City Building Materials Research Institute uses gold ore slag as the main raw material, and adds some clay material with good plasticity and color, and is sintered to make a new building decoration material-waste slag facing brick. The tile can be used for exterior wall and floor decoration, and has the characteristics of low water absorption, high strength, acid and alkali resistance, rapid cold resistance and rapid frost resistance, and the performance of the small test product is superior to the technical standard of the facing brick.
(1) Raw materials
Waste gold slag: Wulong gold mine waste residue is selected, the fineness is -0.074mm>97%, and its chemical composition is: SiO 2 79.11%, Al 2 O 3 8.92%, Fe 2 O 3 3.5%, CaO 0.60%, MgO was 3.16% and the loss on ignition was 2.0%.
Purple soil: Due to the poor plasticity of the waste slag and the unsatisfactory color, some clay is added to solve the shortage of waste slag as a facing brick. The purple soil of Xiaoyingzi in Kazuo County is used as raw material, and the material needs to be pulverized by ball milling to make the fineness reach -0.074mm>97%, and its chemical composition is as follows: SiO 2 60.7%, Al 2 O 3 15.5%, Fe 2 O 3 6.02%, CaO 3.45%, MgO 1.21%, and loss on ignition 9.67%.
After testing, the ideal formula of waste slag facing brick is: waste slag: purple soil = 60 ~ 65: 35 ~ 40.
(2) Production process
The process flow of the waste slag facing brick is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Flow chart of trial production process of waste slag facing brick
(3) Process conditions
Mixing granulation must have reasonable particle grading and compactness. The particle size is controlled at -0.074mm97%~98%, and the aged blank is sieved and formed into agglomerates, the size of which is 0.25~2mm, and the ratio of coarse, medium and fine in the agglomerates should be appropriate.
The amount of water added should be controlled at 5% to 7%, and the water should be evenly distributed.
Reasonable control of molding pressure and pressurization time must ensure smooth discharge of air.
Drying system: The drying temperature is controlled at 60-80 °C, and the general drying time is 3~4h; the parts of the green body must be evenly heated during drying to prevent cracking due to uneven shrinkage; the blank is placed stably to prevent deformation.
Firing system: in the low temperature stage of the firing stage, the heating rate can be faster; in the oxidative decomposition stage, in order to make carbon oxidation and facilitate salt decomposition, strong oxidation measures are taken at 600-900 ° C and the heating rate is appropriately controlled; In the chemical stage, from 900 ° C to the firing temperature (1100 ~ 1120 ° C), low temperature heating is required to increase the air excess coefficient, and the oxidation heat preservation measures are adopted; in the high temperature heat preservation stage, the heat preservation time is 1.5 hours; in the cooling stage, the cooling is fast.
The finished tile has a density of 2.19 g/cm 3 , a water absorption of 6.07%, and a flexural strength of 26.85 MPa. The properties such as frost resistance, rapid cooling resistance, and aging resistance all exceed the prescribed standards.
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