Since 2007, Shi Yong, Peng Yu, Liu Ying and other teachers of the University of Science and Technology have published papers concerning the evolution of the Internet. “The Internet is evolving in a direction that is highly similar to the human brain. It will have its own vision, hearing, and touch. The motor nervous system also has its own memory and nervous system, central nervous system, and autonomic nervous system, and it also draws an Internet cloud and brain map.
On November 6, 2008, Peng Mingsheng, President and CEO of IBM of the United States, delivered a speech on "The Smart Earth: The Next Generation's Leadership Agenda" at the New York City Foreign Relations Committee. The concept of "smart earth" was clearly put forward. The goal is to make society more intelligent, to make humans survive more intelligently, and to make the earth run smarter.
On this basis, the concept of a smart city emerged, and in the following eight years, it has become the goal of China's urban construction and has been greatly promoted. Smart cities use information and communication technologies to sense, analyze, and integrate key information about the core systems of urban operations, and to respond intelligently to a variety of needs, including people's livelihood, environmental protection, public safety, urban services, and industrial and commercial activities. . Its essence is to use advanced information technology to achieve smart city-style management and operation, and then create a better life for people in the city and promote the city's harmony and sustainable growth.
I. Use the Internet cloud architecture to explain several important applications and concepts of smart cities
In essence, smart and smart cities are still the result of the development of the Internet to a certain extent and the spread and in-depth development of the city. Therefore, building a smart city cannot ignore the development trend and evolution of the Internet. Before discussing urban nerve reflex arcs, we first analyzed the relationship between cloud computing, Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, edge computing, Industry 4.0, robots, etc., which are the most important components in the construction of smart cities.
1. The Internet of Things is the Internet's sensory nervous system
Because the Internet of Things highlights the concept of sensor awareness, it also has features such as network line transmission, information storage and processing, and industrial application interfaces. And it is also common to share servers, network lines, and application interfaces with the Internet, and to make Human ti Human (H2H), Human to Thy (H2T), and Thing to Thing (T2T) Communication becomes possible and will eventually integrate the human society, information space and physical world.
2.Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet is essentially the germ of the Internet's cloud and brain motor system
The Internet's central nervous system, which is the software system in the cloud computing, controls the production equipment of industrial enterprises, domestic household equipment, and office office equipment. Through intelligent, 3D printing, wireless sensing and other technologies, the mechanical equipment becomes the Internet brain to transform the world. Tool of. At the same time, these smart manufacturing and smart devices are also continuously feeding the Internet brain with a large number of data for use by the Internet's central nervous system.
3. Cloud computing is the Internet's central nervous system
In the virtual brain of the Internet, the central nervous system of the virtual brain of the Internet integrates the core hardware layer, the core software layer, and the Internet information layer of the Internet to provide support and services for the virtual neural systems of the Internet. From the definition, the cloud computing It is very consistent with the characteristics of the Internet's virtual brain central nervous system. In an ideal state, the Internet of Things's sensors and Internet users interact with cloud computing through network lines and computer terminals, provide data to cloud computing, and accept the services provided by cloud computing.
4. Big data is the foundation of the Internet artificial intelligence boom
With the rise of blogs, social networks, and technologies such as cloud computing and the Internet of Things, data on the Internet is growing and accumulating at an unprecedented rate. Internet users' interactions, corporate and government information release, and IoT sensor-sensed, real-time information generate a large amount of structured and unstructured data at all times. These data are scattered throughout the entire Internet network and are extremely large. . These data contain valuable information on the economy, science and technology, education, and other fields. This is the root and background of the rise of internet big data.
5. Internet artificial intelligence is the driving force behind the Internet’s brain intelligence and intelligence
In 1992, the fifth-generation computer program in Japan ended without results. Then the artificial neural network fever began to feverish in the early 1990s, and the field of artificial intelligence entered the “winter of AI†again. This winter was so cold and long, until Geoffrey Hinton, professor at the University of Toronto, Canada, proposed the "deep learning" algorithm in 2006, and the situation changed. This algorithm is an ingenious upgrade of the artificial neural network theory born in the 1940s. Its biggest innovation is the effective processing of huge data. This feature is fortunately combined with the Internet. This triggered a new wave of artificial intelligence since 2010. Since then, artificial intelligence has entered a new era - Internet artificial intelligence era, based on the Internet's massive "big data" and information exchanges with the real world at all times, beginning in 2014, Baidu brain, news fly brain, Alibaba brain and other Internet Artificial intelligence systems have also emerged and continue to create new areas and records.
6. Edge computing is the nerve ending of the Internet cloud system
The edge calculation can be seen as the result of the continuous development of the Internet's nerve endings during the development of the Internet's cloud-brain (brain). The edge calculations represent the initial and simple data and information processing of the smart receptors and effectors at the edge of the network. They did not appear to replace the central nervous system of the Internet (cloud computing), but instead backed up each other with cloud computing, relying on each other to increase the robustness of the entire Internet cloud (brain). In the case of good network conditions, the cloud can reduce the local computing tasks, can also complete the information storage capabilities and data sharing in real time. When the amount of network lines and cloud computing is limited, edge computing and fog computing can perform independent information processing. However, after the line is finally connected, edge computing and fog computing still need to transmit relevant information to the cloud (Internet central nervous system). Information sharing and interaction between different edge devices.
Two Smart City Construction Based on Internet Cloud Brain Architecture
From the above studies, we can see that smart cities, as a sample of the combination of the Internet and urban construction, will inherit the basic principles of the Internet brain architecture. In other words, smart cities, as a complete system, should have their own urban central nervous system (cloud computing construction). ), The Urban Sensory Nervous System (Building of the Internet of Things), the Urban Motor Nervous System (Industrial 4.0 Construction), the development of urban neurological models (edge ​​computing), the generation and application of urban intelligence (big data and artificial intelligence building).
The basic system of smart city construction is still a scaled-down version of the Internet's brain architecture, but its key core is the construction of urban neurons or urban neuron networks. We know that the most important structure in the human brain is neurons, precisely because of neurons. Links, interactions have produced wisdom, and smart cities have only found and built their own neurons, neural networks, and all other elements (including cloud computing, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0. Big Data, artificial intelligence). .
Then how will the city's neurons and urban neural networks be built? The answer is the generation of large social networks and the integration of large social networks with cities. Social networks have long been considered to be the human-human interaction community on the Internet. However, with the emergence of new phenomena such as internet of things, cloud computing, and big data, the shape of social networks will also change.
Social networks have undoubtedly become the most popular concept and application of the Internet today. By 2012, Facebook has surpassed Google as the world’s largest traffic website. In China, Sina Weibo, Tencent Weibo, Renren.com and Kaixin.com The social network represented by China has become the most active place for Chinese netizens.
When the Internet enters the 21st century, when the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, Industrial Internet and social networks converge, every building, every car, every scenic spot, every shopping mall, and every electrical appliance will open an account on the SNS website. (such as WeChat, Weibo, and facebook), automatically publish their own real-time information, and interact with other “people†and “things.†The definition of social network will no longer be merely social networking between people, but people. A larger social network with people, people and things, things and things. We can call "big social networks" - BIG Social Networking Services (Big SNS)
The close integration of this large social network with a smart city is the key to the success of a smart city. That is to say, every element of a smart city, whether it is residents, companies, government agencies, street lights, vehicles, or workshops, must have urban nerves. The Yuan way to join the large social networks of smart cities, the interaction, aggregation, and linking of these urban neurons will become the key points for cities to become smart cities. Urban Central Nervous System (Cloud Computing Construction), Urban Sensory Nervous System (Internet of Things Construction), Urban Motor Nervous System (Industrial 4.0 Construction), Generation and Application of Urban Intelligence (Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Construction) The foundation can really work. To sum up, the schematic diagram of a smart city based on the Internet cloud brain architecture is as follows:
Third, based on the Internet cloud brain seven kinds of urban nerve reflex arc and application scenarios
Neuroreflection is one of the most important neural activities in the human nervous system. It was first proposed by the French philosopher Descartes. He noticed that the body has a regular response to some environmental stimuli. For example, a foreign object hits the cornea and causes a blink. He borrowed the concept of reflection in physics, thinking that animal activity is reflected as light is cast onto a mirror. Analytical methods of studying the brain and spinal cord and clarifying the laws of reflection are Sherrington in the United Kingdom and Chechenov and Pavlov in Russia.
The reflex arc is the structural basis of reflex activity. It is the entire path of the body's movement through the nervous system from the stimulation to the reaction. Reflections generally require a complete reflex arc. A complete reflex arc consists of five basic parts: sensor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve, and effector.
Knee-jumping reflex is the most familiar and the simplest reflex activity. We can often see a joke in which a doctor sits in front of a patient and tests his knee-jumping reflex with a hammer. The result can be imagined. The doctor's nose is hurt. Knee-jerk reflex is a standard nerve reflex arc phenomenon. Accept stimulation and respond. Then, does the Internet cloud brain and the smart city based on the internet cloud brain have the same mechanism?
The neural reflex arc of the Internet cloud has actually appeared around us today. Almost every moment, the phenomenon of neural reflexes initiated from all over the world has been continuously generated and disappeared. For example, if a car sensor finds a thieves, it sends a message to the owner, and the owner rushes to grab the thieves; the humidity sensor finds that the air has increased in humidity and signs of rain, and informs the field excavation equipment to turn on the rainproof equipment.
Corresponding to the human body's nerve reflex arc, it can be seen from the foregoing that the Internet cloud-brain sensor is mainly composed of networked sensors (including cameras). The Internet cloud brain effector is mainly composed of networked office equipment, smart manufacturing, smart driving, smart medical and so on. Controlling them is the Internet's central nervous system (cloud computing + big data + artificial intelligence), and edge computing will enhance the intelligence and reaction speed of the Internet's cloud-brain receptors and effectors.
As a result of the combination of internet cloud brain and smart city, urban nerve reflex arc will play a very important role in the future construction of smart cities. In practice, there will be seven different types of urban nerve reflex arcs.
The first is the reflection arc from a network sensor to a networked smart device: For example, in a building, a temperature sensor detects that the room temperature has risen by more than 100 degrees, and at the same time, the gas sensor detects that the indoor carbon dioxide concentration has increased, and the alarm information passes through the Internet circuit. It is transmitted to the server center. The server sends instructions to the building fire extinguishing robot. The floor fire control robot controls the water gun to extinguish the fire.
The second type is the reflection arc from people to networked smart devices: For example, in the building, the on-duty personnel in the building's monitoring and control room found that there was a fire and smoke in an office, so they pressed the alarm button to send the alarm information to the server center through the Internet. The server sends an instruction to the building fire extinguishing robot, which controls the water gun to extinguish the fire.
The third type is a reflection from a network sensor to a person: For example, in a building, a temperature sensor detects that the room temperature has risen by more than 100 degrees, and the gas sensor detects that the indoor carbon dioxide concentration has risen. The alarm information is then transmitted through the Internet. In the server center, the server sends information to the nearby fire brigade, and the fire brigade dispatches firefighters to the large building to put out the fire.
A fourth type of person-to-person reflex arc: For example, in a building, the building supervisory staff on duty in the computer room found that there was a flame and smoke in an office. Then they pressed an alarm button to send the alarm information to the server center through the Internet line, and the server sent information. To the nearby fire brigade, the fire brigade dispatched firefighters to the large building for fire fighting
The fifth type is the reflection arc from the internet cloud brain smart program to the networked smart device: For example, an automatic monitoring program running on the internet server detects changes in the capacity of the server data space of the suburban cloud computer room in the city, and when the program finds the data space is full. When the alarm information is sent to the Internet center server, the central server issues an instruction to start the standby machine in the cloud computer room and expands the data space.
Fourth, the application of urban reflex arc examples and future development
There have already been a number of cases of nerve reflex arcs in smart cities. For example, the Wuxi fire department began to use remote monitoring and rescue systems for home fires to help rural left-behind elderly and families of left-behind children to carry out fire warning and rapid response. This system consists of wireless terminals, service platforms, and sensing devices (smoke, emergency button, etc.). Its working process is a typical urban neural reflex arc based on the Internet.
When a fire or other emergency occurs, the detector sends out an alarm signal (or manually presses the rescue button). The fire alarm information will be transmitted to four places through the GPRS or TD wireless network: one is the community (cell) monitoring center; the second is the area The fire patrol car in the fire department; the third is the 119 fire dispatch command center in the city; and the fourth is the mobile phone of the family and their loved ones and neighbors' friends on the fire.
When the four parties received the alarm, they could rush to the scene for assistance at the first time, winning time for extinguishing the fire and emergency disposal, avoiding the spread of fire, and minimizing casualties and property losses. From this system of Wuxi fire fighting, we can see that in addition to sensors and mechanical devices that can act as sensors and effectors, people are also important factors in the Internet's reflection arc. They can both act as sensors and effectors.
With the development of smart cities and the combination of the internet cloud brain and smart cities, it is believed that there will be more cases of urban nerve reflex arcs. For example, smart driving, shared bicycles, smart care, urban security, smart unmanned shops, and many other scenarios will realize the construction of urban nerve reflex arcs. How to enhance the robustness (robustness) of urban nerve reflex arcs in the future and how to speed up The speed and efficiency of urban nerve reflex arc will be the focus of smart city development.
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INNER DIAMETER
BENDING RADIUS
MAX LENGHTE
WEIGHT
WORKING PRESSURE
mm
inch
mm±10
inch
m±0.15
inch
Kg/m±1
lbs/Ft
Mpa
bar
38
1.5″
280
9.2
12
39.37
2.6
3.87
1.0-4.0
10-40
50
2″
310
10.2
12
39.37
3.5
5.21
65
2.5″
375
12.3
12
39.37
4.5
6.7
80
3″
400
13.1
12
39.37
6
8.93
100
4″
450
14.8
12
39.37
8
11.9
150
6″
560
18.4
15
49.2
12
18.9
200
8″
720
23.6
12
39.37
18
26.8
1.0- 2.5
10-25
250
10″
880
28.9
10
32.81
22
32.7
300
12″
1025
33.6
10
32.81
26
38.7
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