Hard manganese ore (Psilomelane)

Hard manganese ore has two meanings: First, the mineral composition is not specifically identified in blocks, grape-like high hardness and manganese hydroxide material which impure components, a mechanical mixtures of finely divided minerals; two Refers to a barium and manganese hydroxide, a mineral species, the characteristics of which are described below.

[Chemical composition] BaMn ²⁺ Mn ⁹⁴⁺ O ₂₀ ·3H2O. Among the components of the hard manganese ore, Mn ⁴⁺ is replaced by Mn ²⁺ , and may be replaced by W ⁶⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Al ³⁺ , and V ⁵⁺ .

[Crystal structure] monoclinic system; a ₀ =0.956 nm, b ₀ =0.288 nm, c ₀ =1.385 nm; β=92°30′; Z=1. The crystal structure is a double-stranded and a triple-stranded phase composed of [MnO] ₆ octahedron, which encloses a hollow channel. The chains and channels extend parallel to the b-axis, and the Ba ²⁺ and H ₂ O molecules are located in the channel.

[Form] It is usually a grape-like, stalactite, dendritic or soil-like aggregate. Single crystals are extremely rare.

[Physical properties] steel dark gray to black; dark brown to black streak; semi-metallic luster to dull. Hardness 5 to 6. The relative density is 4.71. Crisp.

[genesis and production] is mainly the product of brown manganese ore and weathering of manganese-containing carbonate and silicate. In addition, it is also found in sedimentary manganese deposits.

[Identification characteristics] According to its colloidal morphology, black streaks and high hardness, it was initially identified, and H ₂ O _{2 was} vigorously foamed. Further identification requires the use of differential thermal curves and X-ray data to distinguish them from other manganese oxides.

[Main use] Important ore minerals of manganese.

Another meaning of hard manganese ore is not a single mineral, but a mixture of very fine minm ore (MnO(OH)), plus some siliceous.

[Chemical composition] MnO (OH) and the like. Hydroxide minerals.

[Forms] soil, bean, scorpion, etc.

[Physical properties] Physical properties vary greatly due to unfixed components. Black ~ dark brown, earthy luster. Hardness 5 to 6. The relative density is 3 to 4.

[genesis and occurrence] the cause of weathering, and some are sedimentary causes.

[Identification features] Black is characteristic, and H ₂ O _{2 is} vigorously foamed.

[Main use] is a mineral raw material for manganese smelting.

Figure Y-32 stalactite hard manganese ore

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