Fire-resistant building materials contain some fire-fighting products and fire-related products. They are a major category of fire-fighting vehicles and other fire-fighting and alarm systems. They are widely used in buildings and have various types. Fire-proof building materials belong to public safety products, and product quality is closely related to economic construction and people's life and property safety. Once the counterfeit and fireproof building materials are put into use, they will pose a long-term hazard to the public safety environment. The following analyses were conducted from several aspects of interior decoration fireproof building materials, fire-retardant wire and cable, thermal insulation materials, fire-proof paints, and fire doors. By analyzing typical fire accidents, we talked about counterfeit fireproof building materials in construction. Threats to the fire safety of the building after use.
1. Fireproof building materials for interior decoration
Fireproof building materials used in interior decoration cover a wide range, ranging from floors and carpets to curtains and wallpaper wall coverings, to furniture and wood, ceilings, keels, and sound-absorbing materials. Judging from the fire situation of all buildings, the interior decoration materials are generally not the main combustible materials in the fire, nor are they the items that were lit first. However, the decoration materials play an important role in spreading the fire and supporting combustion.
The characteristics of these materials are that they are used in large quantities in buildings, and most of them are polymer materials or contain polymer materials. Once they are not fire-retarded, such materials can easily emit a large amount of toxic fumes during the combustion process. To a large extent reduced the visibility of the fire field, and prevented people from escaping. The CO, halogen acid gas, and cyanide contained in the smoke can quickly kill people and cause heavy casualties. In addition, due to the large amount of use, these materials can ignite quickly after ignition, and can form a flash fire in a closed space in a short period of time, and then ignite neighboring rooms, ceilings, corridors, etc., and rapidly expand the scale of fire.
On June 10, 2005, an extraordinary fire broke out in the South China Hotel in Chaonan District, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, killing 31 people and injuring 3 people. According to an analysis afterwards, a very important factor that led to this catastrophic fire was the heavy use of flammable materials in the decoration of this hotel. Panel ceilings, plastic wall panels, and mattresses, all of which are flammable materials, are so burning that the smoke is so large that, after a half-hour of fire, the smoke engulfed the entire floor and devoured the third and fourth floors. . When the firefighters rushed into the hotel, nothing could be seen except the smoke. Afterwards, it was discovered that some people were smoked to death in bed and in the bathroom by smoke. More than 20 fire officers and soldiers, police officers were successively smothered by smoke, and four firefighters were sent to save lives. Hospital treatment. Strong toxic smoke is the main cause of 31 deaths.
On December 25, 2005, a fire broke out in the restaurant of Tan Island in Tanzhou Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, killing 26 people and injuring 11 others. According to reports, the western restaurant operator lacks awareness of fire safety and operates without a license. The area of ​​the restaurant was not large, and the operator actually built a mezzanine, resulting in a very crowded scene and no escape after a fire, resulting in heavy casualties. In addition, the bar has no windows, only two doors, but neither door is open to evacuation, and one of the doors was already broken. There is only a narrow staircase between the first floor and the mezzanine of the fire bar, and the source of the fire just blocks the stairs, causing people in the mezzanine to escape. It is understood that the formation of this extraordinary fire accident has a lot to do with the unsatisfactory decoration materials of the bar. The bar uses a lot of flammable materials to decorate it, and cushions, wall sound-absorbing cotton and other sponges are used. After the fire, these decoration materials emit a lot of toxic and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, which can easily cause suffocation and death.
From the above, it can be seen that unqualified fire protection building materials used in interior decoration can bring a great fire risk to buildings, and the fact that blood is constantly sounding an alarm to us, therefore, it must be strict while satisfying the beauty of decoration. Pay attention to the fire performance of the decoration materials, and resolutely put an end to the use of fake and shoddy fireproof building materials in construction.
2, flame retardant wire and cable
With the development of the electric power industry, the growing number of power generation companies, and the modernization of large-scale factories, high-level urban construction, the popularity of household appliances and the requirements of urban amenity, environmental protection, and special security, make the application of power cables increasingly widespread. However, according to investigations by the public security department, fires caused by faults of electric wires and cables themselves and fires caused by the ignition of electric wires and cables by external fire sources accounted for 40% of electric fires. Therefore, the problem of fire prevention caused by cables has become widespread. attention.
At 16:30 on December 15, 2005, a major fire accident took place in the central hospital of Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province. The accident caused 37 deaths and 95 people were injured. It was the largest fire in the health system since the founding of the People's Republic of China. After investigation, it was found that the hospital used 300 meters of inferior cables. Six of the 10 indicators of this cable were unqualified and were fake and shoddy products. These poor quality cables were laid in a mess in underground cable trenches, and five entangled and incapable heat dissipation eventually led to the tragedy.
At about 8:30 in the evening on July 28, 2007, the cable from the third floor of the 113th floor of Shilibao East Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing caught fire, and smoke escalated along the cable shaft and spread layer by layer. The entire 28-story building was Residents were smoldering, but fortunately they did not cause casualties. In the fire, because the fire burned from the bottom up along the cable shaft, the whole building was burned or smoked. Among them, the 6th to 10th floors were more serious and some of the meters were scorched. In addition to rising to the top, the route of smoke spreading also “drills†along the door to the “noisy†in the household. As the corridor was also blocked by smoke, many residents were trapped in their homes and had to hide their noses and bellies on the balcony. The fire caused the residents to suffer from the smoke, but also brought other effects to the residents. During the extinguishing process, a large amount of water was sprayed on the ground, and the water was poured into the houses along the door seams. The floors of the households near the electricity meters on each floor were soaked and deformed to varying degrees; at that time, some of the windows in the corridor were dissipated as soon as possible. The glass was smashed, and the walls of all floors of the corridor were smoked and discolored; the line fire caused the power supply in the building to be completely interrupted, and all three elevators could not be used. Household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and televisions could not be used.
On the evening of February 13, 1975, the 11th floor of the “World Trade Center†building in New York City caught fire, burning communication cables, extending through unblocked holes and spreading power cables, and driving fires down the shaft from the 9th floor. On the 19th floor, the 11-floor fire area of ​​the fire center occupied an area of ​​836m2 and all telephone sets were destroyed. This caused huge losses.
Although the fires in these events are not necessarily all fake and shoddy cables, if counterfeit cables are used, once the shaft catches fire, it will inevitably lead to an upsurge of fire, resulting in very bad consequences.
3, thermal insulation material
Thermal insulation material is usually a light, loose, porous, low thermal conductivity material, due to its unique thermal insulation, thermal insulation, sound insulation performance, and is widely used in industry, defense, automotive and construction industries.
Thermal insulation materials are mainly divided into organic thermal insulation materials and inorganic thermal insulation materials, of which most of the organic thermal insulation materials are relatively easy to burn. For example, polyurethane, polystyrene and other foam materials can easily be ignited in the event of an open flame. . In addition, because the insulation material has a porous structure, the volume of the pores is very large, and the inside is filled with a large amount of air. In addition, the temperature of the medium transported and stored in pipelines and devices is sometimes high, and the thermal conductivity of the insulation materials is generally very small. It is not easy to disperse, so that the temperature gradually rises. When a certain part of the insulation material is ignited, it will quickly spread and burn, and it will rapidly spread to other areas and other floors through continuous insulation materials to form a large fire.
For example, the fire at the “Natural Pavilion†Hotel in Seoul, South Korea, has been burned from the second floor to the top floor (21st floor), killing and injuring 224 people. One of the lessons learned was that the fire quickly spread along the ventilation and air conditioning system. Another example is the fire at the Wenkow Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia, where the fire broke out on the third floor of the walkway. Nearly all the flammable decorations in the building were burned, killing and wounding more than 220 people. The main lesson was also the vertical ducting of ventilation and air conditioning systems. The spread of fire. A hotel in Hangzhou, China, burned the combustible insulation material of the air duct during welding, causing fire. The fire spread along the air ducts and vertical holes. From one floor to the top floor, the fire burned for eight or nine hours, resulting in a major economy. loss. It can be seen that ventilation and air conditioning system air ducts are one of the main ways to spread fire when a high-rise building is in a fire.
Therefore, in strict accordance with national standards and relevant regulations, the selection of qualified thermal insulation materials is of great significance to effectively prevent large groups of casualties.
4, fireproof coating
Fire-retardant coating refers to a material that is coated on the surface of a flammable substrate, can reduce the flammability of the surface of the material to be coated, block the rapid spread of fire, or be applied on the surface of a structural material to increase the fire resistance limit of the component. Fire-retardant coatings can be classified into fire-retardant coatings, fire-retardant coatings for cables, and fire-retardant coatings for steel structures, depending on the main purpose and object of use.
Gao Wei, director of the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Public Security's Fire Department, said that once a fire is encountered, because of the lack of protective properties, the material may directly affect the fire directly. For example, for building materials, wood materials may be directly Burning, the protective material of the cable, it may burn quickly, spread, and the steel structure may not be able to be burned and lost its load capacity within ten minutes due to no such protection.
Because steel has the characteristics of heat resistance and high temperature resistance, with the increase of temperature, the strength of steel will gradually decrease. Under the effect of fire, the temperature of steel structure components exceeds 350°C and the strength begins to drop; when the temperature reaches 500°C, the strength The reduction is about 50%, and it is reduced to about 70% at 600°C. Therefore, once the fire reaches 500°C, the steel structure member will soften and cause instantaneous collapse.
On May 3, 1973, a fire broke out in the Tianjin Stadium. Cigarette board and board and other combustible materials were ignited by cigarette butts. They quickly spread and more than 320 firefighters rushed to the scene to save the fire. Due to the fierce fire of combustible materials, the steel structure The poor fire-resistance capacity only burned for 19 minutes. The 3,500 square-meter main arch roof steel roof truss collapsed, causing the national gymnastics performance match held the next day to fail, causing heavy losses.
On April 5, 2003, a fire broke out at Qingdao Jimo Zhengda Food Co., Ltd. plant. Under the effect of high temperature, the steel structure trusses without any fireproof treatment collapsed in approximately 30 minutes, causing 38 employees to be buried in the factory buildings and burned to death due to lack of timely evacuation.
On March 1, 1989, a fire broke out in the ballroom of the Beijing China International Trade Center, a steel-framed building. The 1345-pack of fiberglass felt insulation material in the house was packed in a fire. It burned for nearly 3 hours and the glass fiber was melted. Into the mass, the cast-in-place concrete floor on top was burned and cracked to reveal reinforcement. In spite of this, because steel beams and steel columns are coated with a fire-retardant steel structure coating, even if the surface of the paint is burned to a glaze at a high temperature of 1000°C, there is no significant change in the interior of the coating and it is firmly attached to the steel substrate. After a three-hour fire, the structure was intact.
From the above examples, the importance of fire-retardant coatings for steel structures can be clearly seen. If counterfeit products are applied to buildings, it is equivalent to completely exposing the entire steel structure to fire hazards. The same applies to fire-retardant coatings applied to the surface of steel structures, and the importance of other face-coated fire-retardant coatings applied to the surface of flammable substrates and cable-fired coatings applied to the surfaces of cables is becoming more apparent.
5, fire doors
The “door†is indispensable for any building. As a special-purpose door, the fire door has the special function of fire prevention and smoke separation in addition to the ordinary door. Fire doors are generally used in buildings in three different ways: firewalls and fireproof partitions on doors. Release Date: 2007/10/29 10:21:38
1. Fireproof building materials for interior decoration
Fireproof building materials used in interior decoration cover a wide range, ranging from floors and carpets to curtains and wallpaper wall coverings, to furniture and wood, ceilings, keels, and sound-absorbing materials. Judging from the fire situation of all buildings, the interior decoration materials are generally not the main combustible materials in the fire, nor are they the items that were lit first. However, the decoration materials play an important role in spreading the fire and supporting combustion.
The characteristics of these materials are that they are used in large quantities in buildings, and most of them are polymer materials or contain polymer materials. Once they are not fire-retarded, such materials can easily emit a large amount of toxic fumes during the combustion process. To a large extent reduced the visibility of the fire field, and prevented people from escaping. The CO, halogen acid gas, and cyanide contained in the smoke can quickly kill people and cause heavy casualties. In addition, due to the large amount of use, these materials can ignite quickly after ignition, and can form a flash fire in a closed space in a short period of time, and then ignite neighboring rooms, ceilings, corridors, etc., and rapidly expand the scale of fire.
On June 10, 2005, an extraordinary fire broke out in the South China Hotel in Chaonan District, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, killing 31 people and injuring 3 people. According to an analysis afterwards, a very important factor that led to this catastrophic fire was the heavy use of flammable materials in the decoration of this hotel. Panel ceilings, plastic wall panels, and mattresses, all of which are flammable materials, are so burning that the smoke is so large that, after a half-hour of fire, the smoke engulfed the entire floor and devoured the third and fourth floors. . When the firefighters rushed into the hotel, nothing could be seen except the smoke. Afterwards, it was discovered that some people were smoked to death in bed and in the bathroom by smoke. More than 20 fire officers and soldiers, police officers were successively smothered by smoke, and four firefighters were sent to save lives. Hospital treatment. Strong toxic smoke is the main cause of 31 deaths.
On December 25, 2005, a fire broke out in the restaurant of Tan Island in Tanzhou Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, killing 26 people and injuring 11 others. According to reports, the western restaurant operator lacks awareness of fire safety and operates without a license. The area of ​​the restaurant was not large, and the operator actually built a mezzanine, resulting in a very crowded scene and no escape after a fire, resulting in heavy casualties. In addition, the bar has no windows, only two doors, but neither door is open to evacuation, and one of the doors was already broken. There is only a narrow staircase between the first floor and the mezzanine of the fire bar, and the source of the fire just blocks the stairs, causing people in the mezzanine to escape. It is understood that the formation of this extraordinary fire accident has a lot to do with the unsatisfactory decoration materials of the bar. The bar uses a lot of flammable materials to decorate it, and cushions, wall sound-absorbing cotton and other sponges are used. After the fire, these decoration materials emit a lot of toxic and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, which can easily cause suffocation and death.
From the above, it can be seen that unqualified fire protection building materials used in interior decoration can bring a great fire risk to buildings, and the fact that blood is constantly sounding an alarm to us, therefore, it must be strict while satisfying the beauty of decoration. Pay attention to the fire performance of the decoration materials, and resolutely put an end to the use of fake and shoddy fireproof building materials in construction.
2, flame retardant wire and cable
With the development of the electric power industry, the growing number of power generation companies, and the modernization of large-scale factories, high-level urban construction, the popularity of household appliances and the requirements of urban amenity, environmental protection, and special security, make the application of power cables increasingly widespread. However, according to investigations by the public security department, fires caused by faults of electric wires and cables themselves and fires caused by the ignition of electric wires and cables by external fire sources accounted for 40% of electric fires. Therefore, the problem of fire prevention caused by cables has become widespread. attention.
At 16:30 on December 15, 2005, a major fire accident took place in the central hospital of Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province. The accident caused 37 deaths and 95 people were injured. It was the largest fire in the health system since the founding of the People's Republic of China. After investigation, it was found that the hospital used 300 meters of inferior cables. Six of the 10 indicators of this cable were unqualified and were fake and shoddy products. These poor quality cables were laid in a mess in underground cable trenches, and five entangled and incapable heat dissipation eventually led to the tragedy.
At about 8:30 in the evening on July 28, 2007, the cable from the third floor of the 113th floor of Shilibao East Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing caught fire, and smoke escalated along the cable shaft and spread layer by layer. The entire 28-story building was Residents were smoldering, but fortunately they did not cause casualties. In the fire, because the fire burned from the bottom up along the cable shaft, the whole building was burned or smoked. Among them, the 6th to 10th floors were more serious and some of the meters were scorched. In addition to rising to the top, the route of smoke spreading also “drills†along the door to the “noisy†in the household. As the corridor was also blocked by smoke, many residents were trapped in their homes and had to hide their noses and bellies on the balcony. The fire caused the residents to suffer from the smoke, but also brought other effects to the residents. During the extinguishing process, a large amount of water was sprayed on the ground, and the water was poured into the houses along the door seams. The floors of the households near the electricity meters on each floor were soaked and deformed to varying degrees; at that time, some of the windows in the corridor were dissipated as soon as possible. The glass was smashed, and the walls of all floors of the corridor were smoked and discolored; the line fire caused the power supply in the building to be completely interrupted, and all three elevators could not be used. Household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and televisions could not be used.
On the evening of February 13, 1975, the 11th floor of the “World Trade Center†building in New York City caught fire, burning communication cables, extending through unblocked holes and spreading power cables, and driving fires down the shaft from the 9th floor. On the 19th floor, the 11-floor fire area of ​​the fire center occupied an area of ​​836m2 and all telephone sets were destroyed. This caused huge losses.
Although the fires in these events are not necessarily all fake and shoddy cables, if counterfeit cables are used, once the shaft catches fire, it will inevitably lead to an upsurge of fire, resulting in very bad consequences.
3, thermal insulation material
Thermal insulation material is usually a light, loose, porous, low thermal conductivity material, due to its unique thermal insulation, thermal insulation, sound insulation performance, and is widely used in industry, defense, automotive and construction industries.
Thermal insulation materials are mainly divided into organic thermal insulation materials and inorganic thermal insulation materials, of which most of the organic thermal insulation materials are relatively easy to burn. For example, polyurethane, polystyrene and other foam materials can easily be ignited in the event of an open flame. . In addition, because the insulation material has a porous structure, the volume of the pores is very large, and the inside is filled with a large amount of air. In addition, the temperature of the medium transported and stored in pipelines and devices is sometimes high, and the thermal conductivity of the insulation materials is generally very small. It is not easy to disperse, so that the temperature gradually rises. When a certain part of the insulation material is ignited, it will quickly spread and burn, and it will rapidly spread to other areas and other floors through continuous insulation materials to form a large fire.
For example, the fire at the “Natural Pavilion†Hotel in Seoul, South Korea, has been burned from the second floor to the top floor (21st floor), killing and injuring 224 people. One of the lessons learned was that the fire quickly spread along the ventilation and air conditioning system. Another example is the fire at the Wenkow Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia, where the fire broke out on the third floor of the walkway. Nearly all the flammable decorations in the building were burned, killing and wounding more than 220 people. The main lesson was also the vertical ducting of ventilation and air conditioning systems. The spread of fire. A hotel in Hangzhou, China, burned the combustible insulation material of the air duct during welding, causing fire. The fire spread along the air ducts and vertical holes. From one floor to the top floor, the fire burned for eight or nine hours, resulting in a major economy. loss. It can be seen that ventilation and air conditioning system air ducts are one of the main ways to spread fire when a high-rise building is in a fire.
Therefore, in strict accordance with national standards and relevant regulations, the selection of qualified thermal insulation materials is of great significance to effectively prevent large groups of casualties.
4, fireproof coating
Fire-retardant coating refers to a material that is coated on the surface of a flammable substrate, can reduce the flammability of the surface of the material to be coated, block the rapid spread of fire, or be applied on the surface of a structural material to increase the fire resistance limit of the component. Fire-retardant coatings can be classified into fire-retardant coatings, fire-retardant coatings for cables, and fire-retardant coatings for steel structures, depending on the main purpose and object of use.
Gao Wei, director of the Science and Technology Department of the Ministry of Public Security's Fire Department, said that once a fire is encountered, because of the lack of protective properties, the material may directly affect the fire directly. For example, for building materials, wood materials may be directly Burning, the protective material of the cable, it may burn quickly, spread, and the steel structure may not be able to be burned and lost its load capacity within ten minutes due to no such protection.
Because steel has the characteristics of heat resistance and high temperature resistance, with the increase of temperature, the strength of steel will gradually decrease. Under the effect of fire, the temperature of steel structure components exceeds 350°C and the strength begins to drop; when the temperature reaches 500°C, the strength The reduction is about 50%, and it is reduced to about 70% at 600°C. Therefore, once the fire reaches 500°C, the steel structure member will soften and cause instantaneous collapse.
On May 3, 1973, a fire broke out in the Tianjin Stadium. Cigarette board and board and other combustible materials were ignited by cigarette butts. They quickly spread and more than 320 firefighters rushed to the scene to save the fire. Due to the fierce fire of combustible materials, the steel structure The poor fire-resistance capacity only burned for 19 minutes. The 3,500 square-meter main arch roof steel roof truss collapsed, causing the national gymnastics performance match held the next day to fail, causing heavy losses.
On April 5, 2003, a fire broke out at Qingdao Jimo Zhengda Food Co., Ltd. plant. Under the effect of high temperature, the steel structure trusses without any fireproof treatment collapsed in approximately 30 minutes, causing 38 employees to be buried in the factory buildings and burned to death due to lack of timely evacuation.
On March 1, 1989, a fire broke out in the ballroom of the Beijing China International Trade Center, a steel-framed building. The 1345-pack of fiberglass felt insulation material in the house was packed in a fire. It burned for nearly 3 hours and the glass fiber was melted. Into the mass, the cast-in-place concrete floor on top was burned and cracked to reveal reinforcement. In spite of this, because steel beams and steel columns are coated with a fire-retardant steel structure coating, even if the surface of the paint is burned to a glaze at a high temperature of 1000°C, there is no significant change in the interior of the coating and it is firmly attached to the steel substrate. After a three-hour fire, the structure was intact.
From the above examples, the importance of fire-retardant coatings for steel structures can be clearly seen. If counterfeit products are applied to buildings, it is equivalent to completely exposing the entire steel structure to fire hazards. The same applies to fire-retardant coatings applied to the surface of steel structures, and the importance of other face-coated fire-retardant coatings applied to the surface of flammable substrates and cable-fired coatings applied to the surfaces of cables is becoming more apparent.
5, fire doors
The “door†is indispensable for any building. As a special-purpose door, the fire door has the special function of fire prevention and smoke separation in addition to the ordinary door. Fire doors are generally used in buildings in three different ways: firewalls and fireproof partitions on doors. Release Date: 2007/10/29 10:21:38
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