Level measurement equipment is used to determine the height of fluids and/or particulate solids in a storage tank, container, silo, or any other suitable container. Recently, VDC Market Research found that the total market value of global process industrial level measurement equipment in 2004 was 1.32 billion U.S. dollars, of which the storage tank measurement system accounted for approximately 327 million U.S. dollars. A large number of inspection techniques are used to measure the level - a widely measured process variable.
Level measurement sensors fall into two categories: point switches and continuous level meters. Some techniques are used on both types of sensors. A point is a point at which a material arrives at, above, or below a specific point in a container. This type of device is used to indicate whether the container is full, empty, or somewhere in the middle. Continuous level meters provide information on where the material is located at any point in the container.
With respect to process control, tank gauging (ITG) refers to the level measurement of applications such as inventory storage and custody transfer. Many ITG systems have larger measurement ranges and higher measurement accuracy than process level meters.
Shipments of different technologies Here, the process equipment for shipment includes continuous and point measurement equipment, but does not include vibration products that only provide point measurements.
The hydrostatic level gauge is the largest amount of process level measurement equipment shipped to date in the world, and most of them are continuous measurement devices. The simplest of these devices is the hydrostatic probe device, which measures the pressure at the bottom of the tank to determine the level in the open tank. This is because the density is known at any point of the fluid pressure. The height of the liquid above is determined.
On the other hand, differential pressure equipment is the most common continuous level measurement equipment. In the application, the high pressure part of the differential pressure sensor is connected to the bottom of the tank, and the low pressure part is connected to the empty part of the top of the sealed tank. If the liquid density is constant, the measured pressure difference indicates the actual liquid level. If the liquid density is not constant, changes in the liquid composition or operating temperature may cause some of the gravity to change, resulting in erroneous readings that require correction.
For the next five years, VDC expects the global market share of static pressure equipment to decline, but it will not drop too much. Pressure sensing is still expected to be the dominant technology in the field of process level measurement. This technology has been used for a long time, and even some major suppliers are worried that it will be replaced, but in fact it is not so fast.
The hydrostatic level measurement technology has long dominated, depending on the specific application, which can be attributed to many factors. Some of the attractive features of hydrostatic level measurement include:
â– Lower product and/or maintenance costs;
â– Easy to install;
â– strong and durable;
â– High reliability (verified by long-term);
â– Wide media compatibility; and â– User familiarity Among them, cost may be the most important factor. For example, in 2004, only Sonic/Ultrasonic products, which accounted for 1% of the global continuous level measurement market, had lower average selling prices, while other products cost relatively higher.
Non-contact microwave/radar products account for the largest share of the global ITG market. In 2004, shipments of such equipment in shipping and non-maritime applications accounted for more than 60% of the total ITG equipment shipped globally, while static pressure storage The shipping amount of the tank meter is less than 6%.
Since it was introduced by Saab Marine Electronics in 1976 and used on tankers, non-contact microwave/radar products have been widely used in various types of ITG applications. For example, in 1991, these products accounted for about 10% of the US ITG market, reaching approximately 14% in 1997 and 22% in 2002.
The market share of the technology in the United States and throughout North America is much lower than its global market share. This is mainly due to the fact that the ITG systems shipped in the maritime industry are mainly used in newly built ships, while the current shipbuilding is mainly concentrated in other parts of the world, especially in Asia and the Pacific Rim countries and regions. In 2004, shipments of ITG systems in North American maritime applications were less than 2% of the global market share. The Asia-Pacific region’s shipments accounted for almost 73% of the world’s total shipments, while the rest were mainly in the European market.
The non-contact microwave/radar level measuring device is mounted on the top of the tank. It sends a microwave signal down to the surface of the material in the tank. The receiver then receives the reflected signal. Based on the difference between the transmitted and received signals, the system can calculate the level in the tank.
Here are the following two modulation methods:
â– The pulse system measures the time from transmitting the pulse to receiving the echo. The level can be calculated directly by the delay between transmitting and receiving pulses;
â– Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) transmission scheme is to mix frequency-changed echo signals with transmitted microwave signals. Because of their different frequencies (because of frequency modulation), the frequency of mixed signals is proportional to the distance to the material surface.
The microwave frequency used has a great influence on the performance of the radar level gauge. High-frequency short-wavelength signals are extremely sensitive to steam, foam, and contaminants. At a frequency of 24 GHz, even a small amount of water vapor can absorb microwave signals. Low-frequency long-wavelength and wide-beam-angle signals return many interference echoes from tank walls and agitators. It is known that the optimal frequency is about 10 GHz.
Non-contact microwave/radar devices are completely or relatively inaccessible to measurement problems that many other technologies may face, such as:
â– related to material density;
â– related to the dielectric constant of the material;
â– susceptible to dust;
â– High maintenance strength
â– can not work under vacuum;
â– susceptible to pressure;
â– susceptible to the environment between the media and the sensor (such as foam and varying density of steam, etc.);
â– susceptible to range; and â– susceptible to temperature effects.
The non-contact nature of this technology is particularly suitable for measuring rough or corroded substances. To date, most ITG systems are used for sea-based and land-based applications in the oil and gas industry, including refining. In the global ITG system market in 2004, these applications accounted for more than 87% of the total, and most of the products shipped were using non-contact microwave/radar technology.
The high price of non-contact microwave/radar technology equipment is an obstacle to its wider application. This is even more true for process level measurement applications, where the technology accounted for only about 6% of global shipments in 2004. However, its price is declining to meet the application of process and ITG systems; the average selling price of products using this technology is expected to be greatly reduced in the next five years.
Influencing factors include the use of low-cost devices, provision of simplified functional products, and increased production of low-priced products. Increasing production will lead to greater economies of scale. In addition, more manufacturers are entering this market, which further increases the pressure for price competition.
High-growth market non-contact microwave/radar products are expected to be the fastest growing products in process level measurement and ITG applications. The contact/guided microwave/radar products and acoustic/ultrasonic systems in the ITG market are even expected to have higher growth. However, sonic/ultrasonic technology now accounts for only a small share of the global ITG market (less than 1%).
In 2004, contact/guided microwave/radar products accounted for approximately 4% of the global level measurement equipment market and approximately 3% of the global ITG market. This is a new level measurement technology recently introduced. VDC was the first to realize the application of Bindicator and Krohne's products in process level measurement in 1997 and the application of Barton Instrument System's products in ITG in 2002.
The contact/guided microwave/radar level measuring device measures the level of liquids, pastes, slurries, powders and other special particulate materials. In 2004, this technology accounted for 8.8% and 3.1% of global share in shipments of process solids and liquid level measurement applications, respectively.
This type of product (some referred to as a radio frequency or time domain reflectometer) is mounted on the top of the tank and emits radio or low-frequency microwave signals along transmission lines or waveguides inserted into the tank's contents. Like non-contact microwave/radar level measuring devices, contact microwave/radar devices also have two types of pulse and frequency modulation.
Compared to non-contact products, contact microwave/radar level meters operate at lower radio and microwave frequencies and are less costly, but have many of the same advantages. In addition, they often have greater installation flexibility and lower installation costs, and their use is not limited by the license of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission or similar government regulators in other countries.
This all-electronic device can measure in extremely short or long distances and is not susceptible to dust, air movement, temperature or pressure fluctuations.
On the other hand, heavy objects that press on the transmission line or waveguide can also cause spurious readings. In addition, such products are difficult to measure the level of plastic materials (such as EPS beads) with very low dielectric constant. However, it measures well for plastic balls and plastic sheets.
Level measurement sensors fall into two categories: point switches and continuous level meters. Some techniques are used on both types of sensors. A point is a point at which a material arrives at, above, or below a specific point in a container. This type of device is used to indicate whether the container is full, empty, or somewhere in the middle. Continuous level meters provide information on where the material is located at any point in the container.
With respect to process control, tank gauging (ITG) refers to the level measurement of applications such as inventory storage and custody transfer. Many ITG systems have larger measurement ranges and higher measurement accuracy than process level meters.
Shipments of different technologies Here, the process equipment for shipment includes continuous and point measurement equipment, but does not include vibration products that only provide point measurements.
The hydrostatic level gauge is the largest amount of process level measurement equipment shipped to date in the world, and most of them are continuous measurement devices. The simplest of these devices is the hydrostatic probe device, which measures the pressure at the bottom of the tank to determine the level in the open tank. This is because the density is known at any point of the fluid pressure. The height of the liquid above is determined.
On the other hand, differential pressure equipment is the most common continuous level measurement equipment. In the application, the high pressure part of the differential pressure sensor is connected to the bottom of the tank, and the low pressure part is connected to the empty part of the top of the sealed tank. If the liquid density is constant, the measured pressure difference indicates the actual liquid level. If the liquid density is not constant, changes in the liquid composition or operating temperature may cause some of the gravity to change, resulting in erroneous readings that require correction.
For the next five years, VDC expects the global market share of static pressure equipment to decline, but it will not drop too much. Pressure sensing is still expected to be the dominant technology in the field of process level measurement. This technology has been used for a long time, and even some major suppliers are worried that it will be replaced, but in fact it is not so fast.
The hydrostatic level measurement technology has long dominated, depending on the specific application, which can be attributed to many factors. Some of the attractive features of hydrostatic level measurement include:
â– Lower product and/or maintenance costs;
â– Easy to install;
â– strong and durable;
â– High reliability (verified by long-term);
â– Wide media compatibility; and â– User familiarity Among them, cost may be the most important factor. For example, in 2004, only Sonic/Ultrasonic products, which accounted for 1% of the global continuous level measurement market, had lower average selling prices, while other products cost relatively higher.
Non-contact microwave/radar products account for the largest share of the global ITG market. In 2004, shipments of such equipment in shipping and non-maritime applications accounted for more than 60% of the total ITG equipment shipped globally, while static pressure storage The shipping amount of the tank meter is less than 6%.
Since it was introduced by Saab Marine Electronics in 1976 and used on tankers, non-contact microwave/radar products have been widely used in various types of ITG applications. For example, in 1991, these products accounted for about 10% of the US ITG market, reaching approximately 14% in 1997 and 22% in 2002.
The market share of the technology in the United States and throughout North America is much lower than its global market share. This is mainly due to the fact that the ITG systems shipped in the maritime industry are mainly used in newly built ships, while the current shipbuilding is mainly concentrated in other parts of the world, especially in Asia and the Pacific Rim countries and regions. In 2004, shipments of ITG systems in North American maritime applications were less than 2% of the global market share. The Asia-Pacific region’s shipments accounted for almost 73% of the world’s total shipments, while the rest were mainly in the European market.
The non-contact microwave/radar level measuring device is mounted on the top of the tank. It sends a microwave signal down to the surface of the material in the tank. The receiver then receives the reflected signal. Based on the difference between the transmitted and received signals, the system can calculate the level in the tank.
Here are the following two modulation methods:
â– The pulse system measures the time from transmitting the pulse to receiving the echo. The level can be calculated directly by the delay between transmitting and receiving pulses;
â– Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) transmission scheme is to mix frequency-changed echo signals with transmitted microwave signals. Because of their different frequencies (because of frequency modulation), the frequency of mixed signals is proportional to the distance to the material surface.
The microwave frequency used has a great influence on the performance of the radar level gauge. High-frequency short-wavelength signals are extremely sensitive to steam, foam, and contaminants. At a frequency of 24 GHz, even a small amount of water vapor can absorb microwave signals. Low-frequency long-wavelength and wide-beam-angle signals return many interference echoes from tank walls and agitators. It is known that the optimal frequency is about 10 GHz.
Non-contact microwave/radar devices are completely or relatively inaccessible to measurement problems that many other technologies may face, such as:
â– related to material density;
â– related to the dielectric constant of the material;
â– susceptible to dust;
â– High maintenance strength
â– can not work under vacuum;
â– susceptible to pressure;
â– susceptible to the environment between the media and the sensor (such as foam and varying density of steam, etc.);
â– susceptible to range; and â– susceptible to temperature effects.
The non-contact nature of this technology is particularly suitable for measuring rough or corroded substances. To date, most ITG systems are used for sea-based and land-based applications in the oil and gas industry, including refining. In the global ITG system market in 2004, these applications accounted for more than 87% of the total, and most of the products shipped were using non-contact microwave/radar technology.
The high price of non-contact microwave/radar technology equipment is an obstacle to its wider application. This is even more true for process level measurement applications, where the technology accounted for only about 6% of global shipments in 2004. However, its price is declining to meet the application of process and ITG systems; the average selling price of products using this technology is expected to be greatly reduced in the next five years.
Influencing factors include the use of low-cost devices, provision of simplified functional products, and increased production of low-priced products. Increasing production will lead to greater economies of scale. In addition, more manufacturers are entering this market, which further increases the pressure for price competition.
High-growth market non-contact microwave/radar products are expected to be the fastest growing products in process level measurement and ITG applications. The contact/guided microwave/radar products and acoustic/ultrasonic systems in the ITG market are even expected to have higher growth. However, sonic/ultrasonic technology now accounts for only a small share of the global ITG market (less than 1%).
In 2004, contact/guided microwave/radar products accounted for approximately 4% of the global level measurement equipment market and approximately 3% of the global ITG market. This is a new level measurement technology recently introduced. VDC was the first to realize the application of Bindicator and Krohne's products in process level measurement in 1997 and the application of Barton Instrument System's products in ITG in 2002.
The contact/guided microwave/radar level measuring device measures the level of liquids, pastes, slurries, powders and other special particulate materials. In 2004, this technology accounted for 8.8% and 3.1% of global share in shipments of process solids and liquid level measurement applications, respectively.
This type of product (some referred to as a radio frequency or time domain reflectometer) is mounted on the top of the tank and emits radio or low-frequency microwave signals along transmission lines or waveguides inserted into the tank's contents. Like non-contact microwave/radar level measuring devices, contact microwave/radar devices also have two types of pulse and frequency modulation.
Compared to non-contact products, contact microwave/radar level meters operate at lower radio and microwave frequencies and are less costly, but have many of the same advantages. In addition, they often have greater installation flexibility and lower installation costs, and their use is not limited by the license of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission or similar government regulators in other countries.
This all-electronic device can measure in extremely short or long distances and is not susceptible to dust, air movement, temperature or pressure fluctuations.
On the other hand, heavy objects that press on the transmission line or waveguide can also cause spurious readings. In addition, such products are difficult to measure the level of plastic materials (such as EPS beads) with very low dielectric constant. However, it measures well for plastic balls and plastic sheets.
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