Beijing's Agricultural Water Saving Course and Prospects

Beijing's Agricultural Water Saving Course and Prospects

I. Development Status of Agricultural Water Saving in Beijing

1. Analysis of Current Status of Available Water Resources in Agriculture

At present, Beijing's various water conservancy facilities have an annual irrigation capacity of 1.96 billion m3, of which Guanlan and Miyun have 56.51 million m3, and Other medium and small reservoirs have 120.38 million m3, and the pond has 3.81 million m3. , industrial water and sewage 200 million m3, groundwater 1.58 billion m3.

Agricultural water generally includes aspects such as the development of cultivation, aquaculture, rural sideline, and drinking water for people and livestock. The city’s total annual agricultural water consumption is about 2.01 billion m3, of which planting industry accounts for 85% of total agricultural water use, fishery aquaculture accounts for 6% of total agricultural water use, and human and livestock use accounts for 8% of total agricultural water use. Vice-use water accounts for 1% of total agricultural water use.

2. Main achievements of water saving in agriculture

In Beijing, the current irrigated area is 387,000 hectares and the effective irrigated area is 322,700 hectares. Since the reform and development, Beijing has been making great efforts to develop water-saving agriculture and achieved remarkable results. Water-saving irrigation areas have grown from 34,500 hectares in 1980 to 279,700 hectares in 2000, of which 133,000 hectares were sprinkler irrigation. 870,000 hectares, 63,000 hectares of channel lining area and 0.73 million hectares of micro-irrigated area. The control area of ​​water saving projects accounts for 85% of the effective irrigated area, and the irrigation water consumption of the planting industry has decreased significantly, from 3.07 billion m3 in 1980 to the current 1.55 billion m3, reducing 1.52 billion m3, making agricultural water consumption. It is basically stable at about 2 billion m3 per year.

3. Agricultural experience in saving water

(1) Leadership pays attention and persists

The Party Central Committee, the State Council and successive municipal governments have attached great importance to water conservation in Beijing. Whether it is the introduction of water-saving technologies such as sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, seepage irrigation, and pipeline water transport, or experimental research and promotion, it is generally first tested in Beijing. Promotion and application. For example, under the kind concern of Premier Zhou Enlai in 1972, China introduced drip irrigation equipment from abroad for the first time to carry out experimental research in the suburbs of Beijing, which greatly promoted the healthy and comprehensive development of water-saving projects in Beijing. During the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, the municipal government established the principle of water conservancy in the suburbs centered on drought resistance and water saving, adhered to the basic construction of farmland and water conservancy, and persisted in vigorously developing water-saving agriculture. In particular, after the reform and opening up, it persisted in maintaining water resources every year. . Since the 1990s, the city's water-saving irrigation has grown at a rate of 13,300 hectares per year, and agricultural water conservation has achieved tremendous results.

(2) According to local conditions, classification guidance

Beijing has been able to achieve a higher starting point for water in the agricultural section and has developed rapidly. The key is that cities, districts and counties, and towns and towns all have unified planning based on local conditions and classified guidance. In the selection of water-saving forms, a comprehensive analysis of factors such as planting structure, crop water characteristics, sources of water, sources of investment and benefits, etc., ensures that after the completion of the project, there are few investments, high benefits, and good management. At present, with the adjustment of the suburban agricultural structure and the use of facilities-based agriculture, high-tech and water-saving techniques such as drip irrigation, micro-spraying, and seepage irrigation have begun to be recognized by the people in the protection of vegetable fields, orchards, flowers, and pastures. Promote in the whole city.

(3) rely on science and technology, increase investment

Taking full advantage of the talented people in the capital and relying on science and technology is the key to maintaining healthy development of agricultural water saving in Beijing. In particular, since the reform and opening up, water-saving irrigation projects have become a priority in the construction of suburban water conservancy projects in Beijing. According to the characteristics of planting in the suburbs of Beijing, irrigation and low-pressure pipe irrigation, micro-irrigation, and channel lining have been used to develop various agricultural water-saving irrigation systems. Form, speed up the transformation of scientific research achievements, aim at international advanced level, and introduce and popularize some water-saving irrigation technologies with international advanced level. In the suburbs of Beijing, agricultural water consumption has been reduced year by year, and the output of grain, fruits and vegetables has increased year by year, and the quality and quality have improved year after year.

Combining the actual production needs and the needs of agricultural development, in order to further study the agricultural water-saving measures in the Beijing suburbs and increase the scientific and technological content of water-saving agriculture, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology successively identified large-scale projects of the “Beijing Water-saving Agriculture Demonstration Research” and organized The municipal water conservancy bureau, the agricultural bureau and other production management departments and the teaching and research departments such as Tsinghua University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Academy of Water Sciences form a multi-sectoral and multi-discipline joint research, focusing on the “research on water resources development and utilization” and “combination of soil resources "Research", "New Water-saving Irrigation Technology Research", "Study on water-saving yield-increasing mechanisms and comprehensive supporting technologies for major crops", "Study on agricultural water-saving demonstration zone construction model" and "Rural water management research", etc. The research on the subject has yielded fruitful results. It has won the first and second prizes of scientific and technological achievements of the municipal government several times and solved one or more difficulties in the construction of agricultural water-saving projects, and promoted the healthy and rapid development of agricultural water-saving projects. In the development of agricultural water-saving projects, the municipal finance allocates more than 20 million yuan of water-saving special funds each year from supporting agricultural funds. Financial funds have been used to guide financial funds and loan interest subsidies have been applied to irrigation and water saving projects. Since 1985, Beijing has used water-saving irrigation special interest loans of RMB 161.2 million to develop water-saving projects with an area of ​​102,700 hectares, accelerating the development of water-saving projects. Construction pace.

(4) Pay equal attention to construction and management, and highlight the benefits

The development of agricultural water-saving projects in Beijing adheres to the principle of water conservation as the center, management as the means, and efficiency as the goal. It combines the development of water-saving projects with the promotion of agricultural restructuring, combined with the increase of farmers’ income, and the integration of economic and ecological development. . At the end of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the city’s wheat and corn planting area of ​​140,000 hectares basically achieved sprinkling and irrigation, which not only saved water resources, but also increased land use rate, and also had the functions of labor saving and energy saving. Experiments have proved that sprinkler irrigation is implemented. It can increase production by 37%, save water by 50%, increase the actual land use rate by 20%, save labor by 58%, and save electricity at a rate of 30 kW·h/(hectare·year). The city saves 420 million cubic meters of irrigation water per year, and the amount of tonnage of aquatic grain increased from 1.0 kg before water-saving irrigation to 2.0 kg. The economic benefits of water-saving irrigation are very significant. At the same time, the development of agricultural water-saving projects has greatly improved the agricultural ecological environment and production conditions in the suburbs. The comprehensive utilization coefficient of irrigation water reaches 0.8-0.9, and the comprehensive water-saving rate of spray irrigation, pipe irrigation and canal seepage is up to 30%. Above, the comprehensive increase in crop yields by 30% will enable traditional agriculture to develop in the direction of ecological agriculture, tourism agriculture, and urban agriculture. At the same time, the pressure from water sources such as Miyun and Huairou Reservoirs on agricultural irrigation has been greatly reduced. The water intake has decreased from 800 million cubic meters per year in the 1970s to 200 million cubic meters per year in the 1980s, and has dropped. By the 1990s, an average of more than 50 million m3 per year had played a significant role in satisfying the people’s lives, producing water, and promoting the development of Beijing’s national economy.

4. The main problem

Although Beijing has made great achievements in the scientific research, promotion and application of water-saving irrigation, there are still problems in the development process, such as a single form of water conservation, scientific research that cannot keep up with the development of production, and the management mechanism is lagging behind.

II. Forecast of Agricultural Water Saving Adapting to the Features of Capital Economic Development

On March 26, 1999, regarding the current situation of water shortages in Beijing, Vice Premier Wen Jiabao pointed out that “The lack of water resources in Beijing is worrying and should be taken seriously. To solve the problem of water shortage in Beijing, it must be open source and cost-cutting. Mainly throttling, we must increase water-saving efforts, actively research and promote water-saving technical measures, scientifically extract groundwater, implement joint regulation of surface water and groundwater, vigorously develop water-saving irrigation, and strictly control the reconstructed water consumption. Large enterprises; prevent water pollution, improve sewage treatment capacity, choose the right water prices to promote the development of water conservation and water resources." Seriously implement the instructions of Vice Premier Wen Jiabao, adhere to equal emphasis on the development of sources of income and reduce expenditure, with the principle of thrift-based, perseverance Grasping water conservation is the theme of the 21st century suburban water conservancy development.

1. Agricultural Development Direction and Water Saving Technology

With the changes in the macroeconomic situation, Beijing’s agricultural development will further strengthen high-quality agriculture that reflects the direction of agricultural modernization, such as fine-quality agriculture, facility agriculture, seed agriculture, processing agriculture, foreign exchange earning agriculture, and leisure agriculture. The internal grain structure, variety structure and planting methods of the planting industry are undergoing major adjustments. The farming system has been reformed and the intercropping between grains, fruits, vegetables and grass has been developed in a three-dimensional manner. The benefits have been the center, and the biological chain has been optimized and extended. High-efficiency, high-quality and specialty agricultural products will be the trend of the times. The water-saving technology that stays on the basis of the two broadcasts is difficult to adapt to the needs of agricultural development. Therefore, in the selection and application of water-saving facilities, it is necessary to divide the process from water supply to water use into several phases that are relatively independent but closely linked, namely, water delivery projects, field projects, and crop water use. With regard to material selection, as far as possible, the standards of the previous stage can provide guarantees for the upgrading and adjustment of the next phase of the project, ensuring the adjustment of agricultural planting structure and the adjustment of field water-saving measures. The key to achieving this is technical protection. We must make full use of the capital's talent advantages, increase our research efforts, and face the reality to solve this problem. For example, in the plain, the two crops will be replanted with fruit and vegetable intercropping. The water-saving form should immediately be changed to micro-irrigation; the fruit trees and vegetable fields in the mountainous areas should be changed from pipe irrigation to micro-irrigation; the premise is that the selection of water distribution projects at all levels must not only consider The water process saves water, and the compatibility and versatility of the water transport facilities for various crops must be considered. Only in this way can we select appropriate water-saving forms according to different crops and crop water requirements at different stages of development, provide timely and appropriate irrigation, and achieve water-saving projects ahead of schedule. Water-saving projects can provide powerful force for agricultural development. Protection.

2. Investment and Institution

The single investment channel, the unfavorable management system, and the inactive mechanism are the bottlenecks that restrict agricultural water conservation. Formulating effective policies and good operational management mechanisms to organically integrate the micro-level interests of farmers with the macro-level interests of the government is an important issue that must be resolved in the 21st century. In the process of implementing the construction of water conservancy projects for the people in the mountainous areas, the government insisted on peasants' investment as the main body. The government support funds were used as a substitute for awards, and were directly honored to farmers, mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers for investment. To develop water-saving projects, we must also draw lessons from the experience of water conservancy and enrichment projects, adopt water resources assets such as contracting, leasing, joint-stock cooperatives, and auctions in various ways so that they can maximize their effectiveness. Through the implementation of property rights policies and supporting policies, farmers will be treated as Investment main body, business main body and water saving main body. The government must have specialized technical service organizations and intermediary organizations to provide technical services and training for farmers to ensure the quality and standards of the project. According to the wishes of farmers, the farmers’ water use association will be established to realize the farmers’ independent management. Only in this way can the enthusiasm of the peasants be mobilized, the task of water conservation can be implemented, and the microeconomic benefits of the peasants can be organically combined with the social benefits of the government. Only by saving water can the benefits be truly realized.

3. Management and Benefits

The phenomena of lagging farmers' training, inadequate preparatory work, and decentralized projects have seriously hampered the development of water-saving projects and their effectiveness. At present, there are few farmers who have systematically learned about water-saving irrigation technologies. Practice has proved that practical science and technology can only be combined with farmers to promote the development of productivity. In the future, we must first promote public awareness of water conservation and strengthen technical training for farmers through extensive publicity. The second is to strengthen project management, implement project management in accordance with the management procedures of infrastructure projects, and implement “three systems”. It is necessary to do a good job in the early stage and make comparisons between the demonstration and the plans. The key materials and technologies in the project construction can be selected by bidding method. According to the procedure management, it can ensure that the quality and benefits of water saving projects are unified.

The benefits of water-saving projects must take into account both economic and ecological benefits. It is necessary to calculate the economic accounts for farmers and eco-accounts for the community. To build a water-saving project, farmers cannot reduce labor intensity and save labor. Planting crops cannot increase production and increase income. There is no economic benefit. Water-saving projects have no power and they cannot be pushed or dried. After the completion of the water-saving project, reducing water consumption did not improve the ecological environment and did not improve the quality of life of the people. Water-saving projects saved water and the water-saving project lost its significance. Only by taking into account economic, ecological, and social benefits can water saving projects lead to sustainable development.

In short, the 21st century is the era of the knowledge economy. Beijing's agricultural water conservation work must be armed with knowledge and science and technology. In the course of practice, it is constantly thinking, exploring and advancing to better serve Beijing's social and economic development.